effect of aging and silanization on the mechanical properties of fumed silica-based dental composite

Statement of Problem: Mechanical strength and durability of dental composites are the main topics studied in this field of science today. This study examined fumed silica-based composite as a strong and durable restorative material through flexural and cycling test methods

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silanization, ageing, cycling and hybridizing on mechanical properties of fumed silica-based resin composite

Materials and Methods: Composites were made of light-cured copolymer based on Bisphenol A glycolmethacrylate [Bis-GMA] and Triethylene glycoldimethacrylate [TEGDMA] at proportion of 50:50 which reinforced by fumed silica filler. For each composite sample, 5 specimen bars were made using Teflon mould [2 x 2 x 25 mm3]. The samples with 12 wt% fumed silica [FS] were considered as a base line group. The samples were exposed to cyclic cold water [FS-CCW] and hot water [FS-CHW]. The effect of silanization and adding more filler was studied together with samples containing 12 wt% [FS-S [12], 16 wt% [FS-S [16] and 20 wt% [FS-S [20] fumed silica filler. The filler was silanized with [?-MPS]. The degree of conversion was assessed with Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. Flexural properties were evaluated with the Three-Point Bending test. Flexural data were analyzed with Excel software. Hardness was measured with an Atomic Force Microscope [AFM]

Results: The degree of conversion of the resin reached 74% within 24 hrs. Salinization allowed more filler to be wetted by resin. Addition of silanized particles from sample FS-S [12] to sample FS-S [20] improved the mechanical strength. Hybridizing fumed silica with nano-silica [FS-N] had no significant effect on the strength, but nano-hardness improved greatly. Ageing and cycling had adverse effects on the strength of the sample FS. The flexural strength of FS-CHW was 72% less than FS sample

Conclusion: Sample FS-N with low diluent and filler percentage complied with the requirements of flexural strength was established by ISO 4049/2009 and may be cost benefit to be used as a dental composite for clinical application

[Effect of gamma irradiation on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cinnamon powder]

Spices and herbs have been added to foodstuffs since old times due to their medicinal, preservative and flavouring effects. They are, however, often contaminated with microorganisms. Gamma irradiation is currently used widely to eliminate microbial contaminations in foods. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of gamma irradiation on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cinnamon [Cinnamomum zeylanicum]. Samples of cinnamon were exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 kGy, followed by preparing hydroalcoholic [50% ethanol] extracts from them for sequence analysis. The antioxidant activity of the irradiated and control samples was measured by DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and bleaching of beta-caroten, and the total phenolic content was also determined. The broth diluting method was applied for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of E. coli and S. aureus. All tests were performed in triplicates, and the least significant difference [LSD] statistical test at alpha = 0.01 was used to compare differences among the means. Gamma irradiation had no adverse effects on antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of the samples. Only at doses more than 10 kGy did the radical scavenging activity of the cinnamon extract increase [DPPH test]. With regard to the effect of gamma irradiation on antimicrobial activity, as compared to the control value, there was no statistically significant difference in the activity of irradiated samples up to a dose of 25 kGy. Gamma irradiation treatment of cinnamon had no adverse effect on its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Gamma irradiation at doses up to 25 kGy seems to be appropriate for cinnamon

Effect of ethanolic extract of mespilus germanica on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by flagellated protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which affects both humans and other mammals. Most of the available drugs against the disease are toxic and some are parasite resistance to them. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Mespilus germanica extract on cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL] in BALB/c Mice. Ethanolic extract of Mespilus germanica with 40, 60 and 80% concentrations were prepared. Then, the BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously by 0.1 ml liquid phase culture containing promastigotes of Leishmania major. Ethanolic extract of the leaves of Mespilus germanica in different concentrations, were used topically on CL lesions. The mean diameter of the lesions were decreased, and also the number of parasites in the lesions had declined with complete healing by ending the period time of treatment in 4 mice [26.7%], [p<0.05] and in 9 animals [82%], [p<0.05] respectively, by using the 40% concentration of the extract. Also in a concentration of 60%, mean ulcer diameter decreased, with complete healing in 3 mice [20%], [p<0.001]. In this concentration, the mean number of parasites in lesions had declined [66.4%], with total elimination in 8 animals [p<0.001]. We showed that the extract of Mespilus germanica has the highest effectiveness in concentration of 40%, causing greater reductions in both ulcer diameter and the number of parasites in the lesions compared with other prepared concentrations. Therefore, we suggest the use of 40% extract for the treatment of human cases

Reducing pain due to vaccination: comparison of distraction and oral sucrose

Neonates reaction to pain is more severe than adults. Therefore, recognition and application of pain control strategies by health care workers is necessary. Immunization is a common painful event during infancy, which is typically performed without pain control. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of distraction technique and oral sucrose on reducing vaccination pain. this randomized clinical trial was performed on healthy infants referring to the health centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in west of Tehran by their mother for DPT technique vaccination. Healthy infants groups [n=l14] were randomly assigned to distraction [n=38], oral sucrose [n=38] and routine care [n=38] groups. Infants in distraction group, were provided with a [rattle], 30 seconds before, during, and 15 seconds after the injection. Infants in sucrose group received 2 ml oral sucrose 2 minutes before injection and the control group received routine care [just lying on examination table]. Pain symptoms were measured by Modified Behavioral Pain Scale [MBPS] during 5 seconds before to 15 seconds after vaccination. Descriptive and inferential statistics [independent T-test] were used to analyze data using SPSS-PC. MBPS scores in distraction group and sucrose group were significantly lower than the control group [P= 0.0001]. No significant difference was seen between oral sucrose group and distraction group [P= 0.581]. Distraction technique and oral sucrose are recommended as easy to use, inexpensive and effective measures for immunization pain management of neonates

[Study on phenolics and antioxidant activity of some selected plant of mazandaran province]

Plants are rich in phenolics [phenolic acids, flavonoids and Tannins]. The interest in phenolics has been increased by recent reports of their antioxidant activities. These antioxidant nutrients from food sources reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress and offer health advantages. Total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant capacity of seven culinary plants of Mazandaran province were investigated and compared to Rosemary. Methanolic extracts of dried powdered aerial parts of plants were prepared. Total phenolic compounds in extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity assessed by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] method. The total phenolic content of plants extracts ranged from 38.27 to 58.45 mgGAEg[1] [Gallic acid equivalent/g dried weight], flavonoid content ranged from 25.5 to 182.23 mgQUEg[1] [mg Quercetin equivalent/g dried weight] and IC[50] ranges from 55.52 to 489.9 microgml[-1]. Among the 7 different plants, Marrubium vulgare contained a higher level of phenolics and high antioxidant capacity compared to Rosemary, while Mentha spicata had the lowest content of phenolics. The antioxidant capacity determined by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] method was lowest for of Mentha spicata. These results clearly showed the antioxidant activity could be correlated with the phenolic components content in the extracts

[Indications for corneal transplantation at labbafinejad medical center, 2004-2007]

To determine the indications for and surgical techniques of corneal transplantation at Labbafinejad Medical Center [LMC] from 2004 to 2007. In this descriptive study, records of 756 patients who had undergone corneal transplantation from October 2004 to October 2007 were reviewed. Overall, 504 male [64.9%] and 272 female [35.1%] subjects with mean age of 41.29 +/- 21.25 [range: 10 days to 89 years] were operated. Keratoconous [40.8%] was the leading indication for keratoplasty, followed by bullous keratopathy [11.7%], non herpetic corneal scar and opacity [8%], regrafts [7.8%], corneal ulcers [bacterial, fungal, acanthamoeba] [7.8%], herpetic corneal ulcer and scar [4.9%], corneal dystrophies [3.6%] and trachoma keratopathy [3.4%]. The most common type of corneal transplantation was penetrating keratoplasty [PKP] [67.6%], other types included: deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty [DALK] [13.9%], tectonic PK [10.3%], lamellar keratoplasty [LK] and automated lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty [ALTK] [6.7%], descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty [DSAEK] [0.9%] and keratolimbal allograft [KLAL] [0.5%]. Keratoconus remains the leading indication for corneal transplantation PK at LMC accounting for 40.9% of all grafts. But in comparison with previous studies, bullous keratopathy has increased. In our study the rate of lamellar keratoplasty, especially DALK, has also increased significantly. DSAEK which was begun in 2007 at LMC is rapidly becoming the preferred treatment for corneal endothelial dysfunction at this center

Women's experience of menopause

Background and Purpose: Women's perception of menopause depend on cultural norms, social factors and individual knowledge of meanopause. Because of amny problems women face in this stage, the present study was designed to explore and interpret Iranian women's experience of menopause

Methods and Materials: Fourteen menopause women, spending time for hobby in public parks, were interviewed for their clinical experience after having signed the informed consent for inclusion in the study. Open in-depth semi-structure interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed by Van Manen phenomenological method, and the study ended after data were saturated

Results: The most important clinical experience of women from menopause, which emerged from the study data, were the physiologic event and deprivation themes. Also, subthemes included natural process of creation, facing alertness, healing power of menses, youth and femininity, and a light perspective into the future, which helped describe and expand the main themes

Conclusion: Despite different attitudes toward menopause, women consider this phenomenon as natural; however, concerns and expectation of its complications can affect the quality of their life

[ ups and downs of sex life in menopausal stage: a qualitative study]

The meaning of menopause and women experience of this transitional stage are related to cultural norms, social factors and one's knowledge of menopause. Women's image of menopasuse affects self-care and follow-ups during this stage. Among them is consideration of sexuality which is often ignored. The aim of this study was to discover menopausal complications in Iranian women. 14 women in menopausal stage were interviewed about their clinical experience. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using Van Manen's phenomenology technique. Data analysis showed that one of the women's most important clinical experiences of menopause which they can deliberately express was the start of a new stage. Since, according to those women, changes in their life style were being made in comparison with earlier stages, one of the most important problems that escaped unobserved was sexual challenges which started at this stage. The findings this study reveal women's beliefs about their sex life. This can be used as a basis for education and offering guidelines in order to increase their quality of life

Relation of personality traits with driving behavior in city of Shiraz in 2005

Driving faults have always been a cause of traffic problems and accidents in all communities. Rates and types of the resultant traffic problems vary and depend en cultural, social, economic, and geographical contexts. Environmental factors, control measures, administrative issues, and disparity between transportation infrastructures and number of vehicles are among influencing factors on driving faults. However, the human causes are the main influencing factor and are responsible for the highest percentage of driving faults. The present study was designed to investigate the personality factors that may be related to driving behavior and faults in city of Shiraz in southwest Iran in 2005. Participants were recruited with convenient sampling in places like car services centers and one central specialty clinic. Questionnaires included a demographic one, Persian translation of Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and NEO FF1 Personality inventory. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for analyzing data. The findings showed significant positive correlation between neuroticism score and all types of driving faults [P < 0.05]. Negative and significant correlations were found between agreeableness and extraversion scores, and driving faults [P < 0.05]. No correlation was found between conscientiousness' score and total driving faults. Positive correlation was observed between openness score, and non-violent faults [P < 0.01]. There were negative correlations between age and years of driving practice, and nonviolent driving faults. Surprisingly there was a significant positive correlation between years of formal education and all types of diving faults [P < 0.05]. The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant relationship between personality traits and driving faults. Therefore it is suggested to perform psychologie assessments at the time of granting driving licenses and periodically there after and provide trainings for fault-prone drivers

[Awareness of nursing staff about standard precautions and isolation]

Regarding incremental trend in infections transmitted by blood or other body secretions, and evolving infectious diseases such as avian influenza and SARS, and keeping in mind that health care personnel including nurses are at high risk of being infected, Center for Disease Control [CDC] has recommended standard precautions for all infectious diseases and isolation in cases of specific diseases. Aims of this study were to asses and determine knowledge and information of nursing staff on isolation and standard precautions. In a descriptive study, 191 nurses of educational hospitals completed a questionnaire consisting 12 questions about standard precautions and isolation recommended by CDC. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was good and Kronbach alpha was measured 82%. Questionnaire scored 12 points and the responders were divided in 4 categories, including well, intermediate, weak, and very weak. The data were analyzed by EpiInfo2000 with t-test, chi-square and Fisher exact test. Of 191 nurses, 169 were female, 13 were male and 9 persons didn't identify their gender. 56% worked in a general hospital, 28.2% in children's hospital, 12.6% in obstetrics and gynecology hospital and 3.2% in psychiatric hospital. Average score was 6.9 +/- 1.6 out of 12 points. 4.2% scored well, 57.6% intermediate, 35.1% weak and 3.1% very weak. Correct isolation and standard precautions need sufficient knowledge, and nurses and healthcare workers should have more detailed and comprehensive education in this field

Dose-response relationship of clinical efficacy and side effects of electroconvulsive therapy

The electrical dose selected for electroconvul-sive therapy [ECT] must have an acceptable efficacy and no or minimal cognitive side-effects. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and cognitive side-effects of ECT in relation to the stimulus dose administered. This study assessed 71 depressed patients who were treated with bilateral ECT. For evaluation of depressive and cognitive states the mini-mental state examination [MMSE] and Hamilton scale for depression [HAM-D] were used before starting ECT and after the fourth and last sessions. The baseline mean MMSE was significantly [p=0.005] different with that evaluated after the fourth [p=0.005] and the final [p=0.002] sessions among the four groups receiving various doses of ECT. The mean Hamilton score did not change significantly over the study. No decrease in cognition was observed with employing higher doses [224-345.6 me] of ECT compared to lower doses. The rate of improvement did not change significantly among the studied groups. Cognitive function does not decreased with higher doses of ECT [224-345.6 me] as compared to the other groups. The rate of improvement does not differ with the stimulus dose administered

[Evaluation of effect of levodopa on heart rate variability in Parkinson's disease]

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative process that in addition to other problems leads to autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Heart Rate Variability is a normal phenomena that appears during deep breathing and valsalva maneuver, but in some diseases such as Parkinson's Disease, may diminishes. Levodopa is a principal agent in treating Parkinson's Disease, so, it is probable that it would cause or worsen autonomic nervous system dysfunction in some patients

Materials and Methods: in this study, effect of levodopa treatment upon occurrence and severity of dysfunction in cardiovascular system was investigated, by the aim of putting a comparision on incidence of dysfunction, with and without levodopa treatment. With companionship of neurologists in 501 Army Hospital and other hospitals in Tehran, Patients with Parkinson's disease who were between 41-70 years of ago, who had our entrance factors, were evaluated with standard autonomic electrophysiologic tests. Patients with dementia and who received other agents with effects on autonomic nervous system, were excluded. Cases of study were patients who had received the last dosage [100/10 mg lovodopa] exactly 2 hours before test performances, and controls were who had received the last dosage exactly 8 hours prior to tests

Results: mean and standard deviation of age of case and control groups were compared. In the former it was as 55.2+/-8.7 and in the latter as 55.3+/-7.2, which have no significant statistical difference. Mean and standard deviation of E: I ratio in case and control groups were in order, as 1.18+/-0.11 and 1.25+/-0.1 and of valsalva ratio as 1.33+/-0.15 and 1.44+/-0.9 and none of them with statisitical differences. Severity of electrophysilogic dysfunction in both groups was compared and no differences were seen

Conclusions: for further evaluation for effect of levodopa treatment on autonomic cardiovascular function, more studies and with extensive sampling and cohort study are advised. According to complications of parkinson's disease and vast economic and anthorpoetic costs to societies, it is essential to make effective plans for control of these complications and usage of appropriate drugs

[Combination therapy of albendazole and praziquantel in treatment of hydatid cyst]

The standard therapy of hydatid cyst is surgery, but in non-operable patients and multiple organ involvement medical therapy may be more useful. Efficacy of drugs especially in short duration in treatment of hydatid cyst is unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of combination therapy with Albendazole and praziquantel in treatment of hydatid diseases. In a nonrandomized clinical trial, 9 hydatid cyst patients with multiple organ involvement or post surgical recurrence were treated with albendazole and praziquentel for 3 months. The average follow up was 18 months. Response to treatment was assessed through the observation of the symptoms, radiologic [CT scan, sonography, and X-ray]. Symptoms disappeared in 7 [77/8%] patients and improved partially in 2 [22/2%]. Radiologic assessment showed significant improvement in 5 [55/6%] and partial improvement in 4 [44/4%] patients. Combination therapy with albendazol and praziquentel is effective in treatment of hydatid cyst and can be used as an alternative to surgery in disseminated and non-operable cases

[Case series report of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava involvement [surgery techniques and results in 8 patients]

Renal cell carcinoma can be presented with extension of thrombosis to renal vein and inferior vena cava. Management of these patients consists of radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy. In this study we reviewed approach to these patients. This is a case series report. During 1379 to 1384, 148 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma [RCC] limited to Gerota's fascia [stage T3 or less] were admitted to Hasheminejad hospital. Fourteen patients had inferior vena cava [IVC] involvement. Radical nephrectomy as well as thrombectomy was performed in 8 patients. This investigation is done on these 8 patients. Patients' average age was 51.4 years. Six patients were male [75%] and 2 female [25%]. The most common symptoms were flank pain [75%], gross hematuria [62.5%] and structural symptoms [50%]. All patients had tumors limited to Gerota's fascia without any distant metastasis. Infrahepatic involvement of IVC was seen in 6 patients and in 2 patients thrombosis extended above the hepatic vein [infrahepatic]. No perioperative mortality was seen. Postoperative complications were atelectasia in 2 patients and deep vein thrombosis in one which was treated with conservative management. By skillful surgical approach in patients with RCC and IVC involvement, thrombosis can be completely excised without increasing the rate of complications and long term survival could be expected

[ effects of garlic topical gel [5%] in the treatment of alopecia areata]

Alopecia areata is the rapid onset of total hair loss in a sharply defined round area. No definite cause is known for this disease but stress is an effective factor. Different treatments are available but no cure is yet known. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of garlic gel in treatment of alopecia areata. The method of study is placebo controlled. The study was performed during summer 2004-5. The subjects were recruited from dermatology clinics in the city of Sari, according to inclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into 4 blocks and received gel and placebo. Garlic gel was used twice dayly with topical corticosteroid. The results were compared together after 3 months. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tuky-test using SPSS program. Twenty patients were given the garlic gel and placebo was administered to the other 20 patients. The average age of the patients [55% male] was 24 _ 15. Scalp was the most common affected area in patients [72.5%] and majority of them had one patch [70%]. Positive familial history was noted in 22.5% of the patients and 25% of them had the atopic. Stress was observed in 35% of the patients. There was no difference in decreasing the size of patches in the first two months, between the two groups. However, the increase in the number of hair between the two groups were significant in the third month[P<0.05]. The garlic gel can stimulate hair growth in patients with Alopecia areata. Therefor this effective and low cost treatment is recommended particularly for limited forms of the disease

[Comparison of polydioxanone [PDS] and polyamid [nylon] sutures complications in abdominal midline repair [laparotomy surgery]]

Despite progresss in the techniques of surgery, there is still a lot of controversy about selection of the best technique and suture material. Many post operation complications such as infection, wound dehiscence, pain and sinus formation are related to the type of the suture used. In this study we compared the complications due to the absorbent suture [PDS] with a non absorbent suture [nylon] in laparotomy operation. This clinical trial was performed on 120 patients referring to Imam Khomeini hospital, Sari, 2003-2005 for laparotomy. They were randomly divided in tow groups of equal number. The incision was repaired with PDS sutures in case and with nylon suture in control group. All patients under study were followed up for one year. Data about chronic pain,wound dehiscence, infection, hernia and sinus formation were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software and Chi- square test. In this study 120 patients [60 in case and 60 in control groups] were enrolled. After laparotomy, the incidence of chronic pain and sinus formation in case group was significantly less than the control group. There were no significant differences between the rate of infection, hernia and wound dehiscence in the two groups. No significant differences in the rate of infection, hernia and wound dehiscence between two types of suture materials were observed. However, application of PDS leads to less pain and sinus formation. Therefore, it can be a better choice in surgical incisions

[ role of laparoscopy in diagnosing metastasis of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies]

Upper gastrointestinal tract cancers are important malignancies in the entire world. Many Diagnostic procedures are frequently used for staging gastrointestinal malignancies. Laparoscopy has emerged as a good staging modality for most gastrointestinal cancers than many other preoperative modalities. Patients with gastrointestinal tract malignancies were selected for evaluation from 2000 to 2001. After complete physical examination and paraclinical evaluations, all patients underwent laparoscopy with general anesthesia and biopsies prepared from metastasis followed by laparotomy. Data were analyzed by statistical tests. Fourty three patients, 41%female and 59% male with a mean age of 61.25 +/- 14 years were studied. Sensitivity and specifity of laparoscopy in diagnosing lymph node metastasis of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies were 83.33%, 100% respectively. These indices were 75% and 100% in liver metastasis. Positive and negative predictive values of lymph node metastasis were 100% and 89.3% respectively and 100% and 20% in liver metastasis. Preoperative laparoscopy is an effective method for diagnosing metastasis in patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers and can prevent many unnecessary laparotomies

[Determination and comparison of incidence rate and trend of morbidity of leukemia and lymphoma in Mazandaran province [1376-1382]]

Malignancies are the second most important cause of mortality in many countries. Leukemia and lymphoma happen with significantly high incidence rates throughout the world particularly in Iran where it causes remarkable mortality as well as high diagnosis and treatment expenditures for both families and health system. Leukemia and lymphoma totally include about 11 percent of cancers in Mazandaran province. The purpose of this study was a general and specific description of leukemia and lymphoma in Mazandaran province. In this study, the medical records of all patients with certain diagnosis of leukemia and lymphoma along with valid laboratory or pathology reports were reviewed from 1376-1382. Data collection was undertaken by Babol health research center affiliated to Tehran University Medical Sciences. This research consists of cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic studies and examines variables including: age, sex, city of inhabitation, year of incidence and type of malignancy. The incidence rates in 100,000 persons of related population have been calculated and analyzed. In Mazandaran province, 1146 cases of leukemia [lymphoidic and myeloidic] and lymphoma [Hodgkin's and non Hodgkin's] were diagnosed from 1376-1382. an average of 5.9 leukemia and lymphoma cases per 100,000 occure annually. The highest incidence rates were obtained at age of 70 or above [26.4] and the least at age of 0-9 [2.26].The incidence rates in males and females were 7.05 and 4.76 respectively and the male to female incidence rate was 1.48. The highest incidence rate was observed in Babol [7.29] and the least was equally calculated in Neka and Tonekabon [1.47]. The highest and lowest incidence were obtained in 1380 [7.75] and 1377 [3.15] respectively. Regarding the type of malignancy, non Hodgkin lymphoma, 2.53 in 100000 persons, was the most prevalent and myeloidic leukemia, 1.07 in 100000 persons, the least prevalent cases

Effect of evaluation for quality and quantity of essential oil thymus kotschyanus [Damavand-Tar]

Thymus kotschyanus [Lamiaceae] is a valuable plant species which mainly grow in mountainous regions. Different species of this plant have worldwide distribution especially in Mediterranean region. The plant is a woody, small, patchy, or perennial herb with a woody base. It is well known as a medicinal plant with energetic and antibacterial actions. The essence is especially used in drying industries, cosmetics and trade industries. To study genetical biodiversity of the T. kotschyanus and interaction of ecological conditions on the plant essence. The samples were collected from three elevation bands and the essence combination were analysed. The results showed that essence content were between 0/95 - 1/87% and the yield is 1.23% and due to high content of essence is valuable in drugs industry. Generally, 37 different combinations were analysed by GC-MS. in elevation bands which showed Carvacrol [60.82- 82.05%] and Thymol [1.56-13.94%] are the most important substances in T. kotschyanus. This study showed that essence of this species has high content of Thymol and Carvacrol which are two medically important